Black and blue marks, also known as bruises, are areas of discoloration on the skin caused by underlying blood vessels breaking due to trauma or impact. When a bruise first appears, it typically starts as red or purple and over time turns black and blue as the blood from the ruptured vessels begins to break down. The color changes as the body metabolizes the blood, transitioning through shades of green and yellow before eventually fading. These marks are a result of blunt force trauma, such as a bump, fall, or impact, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding tissues without breaking the skin's surface. Common causes include sports injuries, accidents, or even minor knocks. Certain factors, like age, medications, or underlying medical conditions, can make individuals more prone to bruising. Treatment for black and blue marks usually involves self-care measures to reduce pain and promote healing. Applying ice or a cold compress to the affected area within the first 24 to 48 hours can help minimize swelling and pain. Elevating the bruised area can also assist in reducing swelling. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, may alleviate discomfort. In most cases, bruises heal on their own within a few weeks as the body gradually reabsorbs the blood. However, if bruises are unusually large, persistent, or accompanied by severe pain, difficulty moving the affected area, or other concerning symptoms, seeking medical attention is important to rule out more serious injuries or underlying health conditions.
